《中华龙脉》共包括九枚钱币。文物是一部活着的历史。

《中华龙脉》共包括九枚钱币。

文物是一部活着的历史

前言中国被称为“龙的国度”，中国龙的渊源可以追溯到传说中的黄帝时代，已有超过五千年的历史，它是我们这个民族最值得珍视的文化遗产之一。龙与中华民族的文化、历史存在着密不可分的联系。关于龙的话题我们永远说不完道不尽.....很多传说都认为黄帝是铸钱的始作俑者，所以在古代人们把那些儿当时还为人说不知的先秦货币都归于黄帝的名下。中国的钱币文化悠远而古朴，形制精巧别致，具有一种优雅的艺术气息。它有与众不同的方孔形制，华美的文字装饰，以及令后来者为之痴迷的围绕着它的无数传说、趣事。古往今来人们观赏它、珍藏它，试图解开这个藏着无数古代秘密的金属之符，沉浸其中乐而忘返。中华龙的文化与钱币文化有着相同的渊源，都是传统华夏文明之中的精粹。它们以各自不同的方式记录和书写着同一段历史——中华五千年文明史。在此我们将通过对比这两种既相互交织渗透又风格迥异的文化，让读者从一个全新的视角，去研读、品味这些令我们自豪的灿烂古代文明。PrefaceChina is universally known as ' the nation of the dragon ' .Chinese dragon is one of the most precious cultural heritages of our nation with a history of over 5,000 years, and its origin could date back to the period of the Yellow Emperor in ancient Chinese legendary,The dragon is a totem and a belief of Chinese people, a spirit that influenced Chinese people generation by generation. Deeply rooted in the Chinese culture, it tied the national emotions together.Discussions on the dragon by its descendents will never end.It was said that the Yellow Emperor was the ancestor of issuing money,so the ancient people granted the unrecognized coins of the ancient times as works of the Yellow Emperor. Chinese ancient coins are full of elegance and artistry with ingenious form and a long history. People in both ancient and modern times were immersed in fondling sand collecting the coins,trying to discover the old mysteries hidden in these metals.Enjoying the same source ,the cultures of Chinese dragon and Chinese currency are the succinct of the Cinese traditional civilization. Through distinct patterns,they recorded and depicted the same history——the history of Chinese nation of 5,000years.Here you can appreciate and taste these splendid ancient civilizations these two cultures——dragon culture and coin culture.

怪异狰狞的夔龙

先秦时期龙被奉为可以感应天地的神兽，传说黄帝在荆山铸成九鼎之后，就乘龙登天了，因此龙纹多出现在献祭的礼器上。商代器物上常有夔龙纹，其造型变化多端，但以神秘、狰狞为基调。秦灭六国使四海归于统一，秦始皇为神话帝王权威，以祖龙自称，首创帝王龙生说。自此皇帝便成为受命于天的真龙之身，上天之子。秦代夔龙的形态身如巨蟒而有鳍，头似猛龙：甲爪尖利，气势雄浑威武，戾气凌人，不正是横扫六合的秦王的绝佳写照吗。 The 'Kui' Dragon In the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the dragon was drawn frequently on the sacrificial urensils as an animal of divinity possessing supernatural powers. The form of the ' Kui' dragon of the Shang Dynasty was various while the main form looked odd and ferocious. After the state of Qin had conquered the other six states and unified China,the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty (Qin Shihuang) called himself the son of the dragon, the descendant of god,.The 'Kui' Dragon in the Qin Dynasty had boa'body, carp's fins, tiger' head and hawk's talons.With a mighty and ferocious appearance, the dragon vividly symbolized the bellicose character of Emperor Qin Shihuang of the Qin Dynasty.

半两《半两》始铸于战国晚期的秦国。当时秦国国势日隆，对六国的兼并战争节节胜利。半两钱也由一个西陲偏远国家的地方货币，随着秦军铁蹄而渐渐成为战国后期的一种重要货币。公元前221年，秦灭六国后，秦始皇下令以方孔圆钱的秦《半两》钱为全国唯一的法定货币。此举将先秦时期各种原始形态就此固定下来，以后直至清末的两千多年再也没有改变，影响极其深远。Ban Liang

' Ban Liang ' coin was issued from the State of Qin of the late Warring States Period. As the State of Qin was in full development and won the continuous wars against the other six states,' Ban Liang ' coin began to play an important role in the coinage system of the late Warring States. In BC 221,Emperor Qin Shihuang unified the Coinage system withe the square-holed, rounded coin 'Ban Liang 'after he had conquered the other six states. Since then,the form of Chinese currency was standardized till the end of the Qing Dynasty.

古朴雄健的青龙

汉代阴阳五行学说盛行，以青龙、朱雀、白虎、玄武代表天文中的东南西北四方。汉代青龙体躯似兽而有鳞，肋生双翅，肢如虎、爪如鹰，形象雄健孔武，生机勃勃。与先秦龙的狰狞、明清黄龙的矫饰相比显出一种独特的激奋昂扬的气质。

The Green Dragon

The School of Positive and Negative Principles was very popular in the Han Dynasty. The Green

Dragon ,the Scalet Bird, the White Tiger and the Black Warrior symbolized the East,the South, the West and the North in astronomy respectively.The Green Dragon of the Han Dynasty was vividly depicted as a beast with scales and wings on the body. Comparing with scales and wings on the body. Comparing with the ' Kui ' Dragon of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the Green Dragon looked especially strong and ambitious.

五铢

汉武帝元狩五年（公元前118年）因半两钱盗铸者众，钱法紊乱，下令废除半两钱，铸《五铢钱》。三年后武帝更将铸币权归政中央，由上林三官（钟官：主铸钱；技巧：主铸范；辩铜：主铜材）统一铸造，这是世界历史上出现的最早的国家造币厂，其所铸造五铢称作《上林三官五铢》。五铢钱形制先进，轻重适中。自西汉铸行，到唐初始废，共行用七百余年，是我国历史上通行时间最长的钱币。

Wu Zhu

In BC 118 (the 5th year of yuan Shou period, Emperor Wu Di of the Han Dynasty ),' Wu Zhu ' coins began to be issued with the abolition of ' Ban Lang ' coins. As the material of coins varied in local mints, Emperor wu Di established the first national mint ' Shang Lin San Guan ' three years later. ' This was the first national mint in the world. With advanced form, proper size and weight, ' Wu Zhu ' had been in circulation from the Western Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Tang Dynasty for the longest duration-over 700 years.

得意飞升的鱼龙

《黄河三尺鲤，本在孟津居。点额不成龙，归来伴凡鱼。》李白的这首诗讲述了一个古老传说，相传大禹治水开龙门以浚流。此后每年暮春，便有黄鲤鱼逆流面上，得过龙门者变化龙飞升，称为《登龙门》。隋唐以后，科举成为取士的主流。原本无缘宦官的寒素士人亦可藉此而晋身，民间遂有《鲤鱼跳龙门》之喻。因此表现化龙之鱼的《鱼变龙纹》在唐朝使成为了为各阶层所广泛喜爱的吉祥图案。

The Carp Dragon

One of the poems of the greatest poet Li Bai says : In every spring,groups of carps gathered together, trying to jump over the ' Dragon Gate'. The one who had jumped over the gate would turn into a dragon and fly to heaven. ' This folk-tale was widely spread in the Tang Dynasty and the decorative pattern of ' carp dragon ' was very popular among the people.

开元通宝始铸于唐高祖武德四年（公元621年），钱文《开元通宝》为唐代大书法家欧阳询制词并书。《开元》为开国的意思，《通宝》是指通行宝货。其书体为当时极为盛行的介于隶楷之间《八分书》。结体严谨端庄，对后世的钱文书法影响极大。

Kai Yuan Tong Bao

Kai Yuan Tong Bao was issued from AD 621 (the 4th year of Wu De period, Emperor Gao Zu of the Tang Dynasty ). 'The characters ' Kai Yuan Tong Bao ' on the coin were writren by the famous calligrapher Ouyang Xun. ' Kai Yuan ' means the founding of the dynasty while ' Tong Bao' circulated currency. The calligraphy of this coin profoundly influenced the coins of the other dynasties.

三停九似的黄龙

到了宋代原本姿态万千的龙，面目渐渐统一，秦汉以来盛行的兽的飞龙演变为身体修长，蜿蜒曲折、如巨蟒盘旋的黄蓝、龙的形态也逐渐定型，并由此产生了《三停九似》的说法。宋人郭若虚在《图画见闻志》中指出画龙要《折出三停，分成九似》。所谓三停，指在颈、腰、尾、三处要有转折，才可显出龙蜿蜒回转的动态。所谓九似系指龙的外型，《头似牛，嘴似驴，眼似虾，角似鹿，耳似象，鳞似鱼，须似人，腹似蛇，足似凤。》

The Yellow Dragon

The appearance of the dragon was gradually unified in the Song Dynasty.The figure of the Yellow Dragon was slender and winding, like a spiraling boa.A famous artist of the Song Dynasty, Guo Ruoxu,once pointed out that the pattern of drawing a dragon should be ' three pauses and nine similarities '. ' Three pauses' means three turning points at the neck, waist and tail of the dragon while 'nine similarities 'pointe to the appearance of the dragon: the ox' s heard, the donkey ' mouth, the shrimp ' s eyes, the deer ' s horns,the elephant's ears, the carp's scales.,the man's palpus, the snake's abdomen and the phoenix's paws.

宋神宗元丰年间（公元1078-1085年）铸行。宋素有闇弱之名，屡挫于外敌，但其经济文化之繁荣昌明却不输汉、唐，面铸钱业尤为发达。神宗元丰年间正值宋国力全盛之时，社会经济十分繁荣。当时全国设钱监二十六座，年产铜铁钱达七百余万贯，是我国古代铸钱业最为发达的时期。

Yuan Feng Tong Bao

Issued in yuan Feng period of Emperor Shen Zong of the Song Dynasty. During that period, the social economy and culture were in full development. There were totally twenty-six mints in the country and more than seven million guan copper or iron coins were cast. It was the most prosperous period in ancient China.

倍受尊崇的龙王

《龙从云, 风从虎》，龙的胜利之一便是兴云布雨，施将甘露。上古时期人们作土龙以祈雨，但那时的龙还不是水神，而只是通天的神兽，人们借助它向传达自己的愿望，隋唐以后，龙被民间奉为水之神，主江海湖泽。北宋大观年间，原本在民间郊祭野祀的龙神被宋徽宗请进来皇宫，还郑重其事的奉为王爵，青龙为广仁王；赤龙为嘉泽王；黄龙为平应碗；白龙为义济王；黑龙为灵泽王。并于京城设五龙祠，春、秋时常致祭，民间的水神五龙由此摇身一变而成为官方正式的尊神，安享四方的供奉。

The Dragon King

In Chinese legendary, one of the dragons' s supernatural powers is being in charge of raining. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties,the dragon was worshipped as the god og water,which ruled the seas and other water bodies. During the Da Guan reign of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Dragon King was taken into the palace from the coutryside by Emperor Hui Zong and was conferred on the title of royalty. The temple of five dragons was builts in the capital. Thereafter, the five Dragon Kings in the folk changed their identities to official gods,enjoying the sacrifices from every quarter.

宋徽宗崇宁年间（公元1102-1106年）铸行，徽宗博学多才，娴于书画。其楷书初学薛稷，而自成一体，自称《瘦金体》。清劲秀美，超凡脱俗，为书中奇葩。但徽宗为政昏虐，宠任奸佞之臣蔡京、童贯、高俅等五人，贪污横暴，滥增捐税，百姓称之《五鬼》徽宗宠幸道教，广建宫观， 并自称《观君皇帝》。又兴《花石纲》之役，使江南之民大受其害，最终激起方腊起义。然而徽宗年间所铸钱却精美超群，钱文楷书多为瘦金体，铸工上佳，极为后世推崇。

Chong Ning Zhong Bao

Issued in Chong Ning period of Emperor Hui Zhong of the Song Dynasty. Emperor Hui Zhong was intelligent and good at calligraphy. He created the form of calligraphy ' Shou Jin script ' by himself, which was outstanding among the calligraphy of the ancient emperors. On the other hand, Emperor Hui Zhong was so fatrous in politics that he trusted five treacherous court officials such as Cai Jing, Tong Guan and Gao Qiu, who amassed wealth for themselves by heavy taxation on peple. The masses had no means of livelihood. However, coins issued during his reign were elegant and remarkable with characters of ' Shou Jin script ' written by Emperor Hui Zhong.

千奇百怪的龙子

民间常以《龙生九子》比喻兄弟志趣相异，此说法在明代以广为流传，不过说法甚多，各有异同，一日明孝宗为此询问时为阁老的李东阳，李东阳多方请教，才回复皇帝：《龙生九子不成龙，各有所好，囚牛，龙种，平生好音乐，今胡琴头上刻兽足其遗像。睚眦平生好杀，今刀柄上龙吞口是其遗像。嘲风平生好险，今殿角走兽是其遗像。蒲牢平生好鸣，今钟上兽纽是其遗像。狻猊平生好坐，今佛座狮子是其遗像。霸下平生好负重，今碑座兽足是其遗像。狴犴平生好讼，今狱门上狮子头是其遗像。赑屃平生好交，今碑两旁龙是其遗像。蚩吻平生好吞，今殿脊兽头足是其遗像。》这是关于《龙生九子》流传最广的一种说法。

The Dragon Descendants

In Chinese legendary, a dragon gave birth to nine young dragons with different dispositions and appearances: ' Qiu Niu was fond of music, his portrait is now on the head of huqin (a folk instrument);Ya Zi was fond of fighting, his portrait is now on the handles of knives... The others named Chao Feng, Pu Lao,Suan Ni, Ba Xia ,Bi An, Xi Bi and Chi Wen had different hobbies respectively.' this is the most popular version of statement of the dragon ' s nine descendants.

明思宗崇祯年间（公元1628-1644）铸行。崇祯帝即位之初诛魏忠贤、起复东林党人，颇欲振作。但国势沉疴已久，积重难返。此时各地农民起义已成燎原之势，清兵也尽守关外之地，国事糜烂已极。崇祯年间朝廷为筹措军国费用，大量开局铸钱，并为此利源，古钱币减重剧烈。是时钱法混乱，私铸公行。因此传世崇祯文字纷乱，轻重厚薄各异，版式极为复杂。

Chong Zhen Tong Bao

Minted in the Chong Zhen reign of Emperor Si Zong of the Ming Dynasty. During this period, the peasants ' uprisings and the aggression by the Qing troops made the whole country dissipated. In the third year of the Chong Zhen reign, the lighter coins were minted. Later the currencies were very complex in monetary standards and calligraphy styles.

九五之尊的龙袍

皇帝以真龙天子自命，起居行走，服御冠带自当处处有龙，儿服饰之上的龙尤其为多。以清代为例，皇帝的冠服按不同的规格和用途分为：礼服、吉服、常服、便服、雨服。其中吉服最为重要，常在庆贺时节令、婚嫁礼仪、生辰庆典、班师典礼等喜庆朝贺场合服用，即通称的龙袍。其上绣大型金龙九条，与胸前、后背有正龙两条，前后襟行龙四条，底襟行龙一条。此外于交襟、领部和袖端还有七条小龙，共装饰龙纹十六条。而皇帝朝服上的龙就更多，通身共有大大小小的龙四十四条，真可谓满身是龙。

The Imperial Robe

The emperors in Chinese feudal societies called themselves ' the son of the dragon were everywhere in their palaces,especially on their clothes. For instance,in the Qing Dynasty, on the most splendid dress of the emperor - the ceremonial robe, there were totally forty-four dragons embroidered.

清圣祖康熙年间（公元1662-1722）铸行。康熙即位时年仅八岁，初由权臣鳌拜专权。八年康熙拘捕鳌拜，大权独揽。二十年平定三番之乱；两年后灭台湾郑氏政权，使国家复归一统。此后在东北击败了沙俄的入侵；巩固了北部边疆。因此铸钱厚重圆大，质胜前代，为民所乐用。

Kang Xi Tong Bao

Issued in Kang Xi reign of Emperor Sheng Zu of the Qing Dynasty （AD1662-1722）.ascending the throne in his childhood,Emperor Kang Xi was a bright and intelligent leader. During his regin, the economy was well developed and the society was stable and prosperous. The quality of coins was better than before as well.

唯我独尊的五爪龙

历朝历代，为君王者都要制定服色，以明尊卑。龙是天神，是皇权的象征，因而皇家对龙纹的垄断在服饰上的体现尤为突出。到了元明两代，对龙纹的控制更为严格，元世祖在即位后不久，边明文禁止民间织造销金日月龙凤段匹。但民间衣着装饰龙纹由来已久，绝非一纸文书便可禁绝。朝廷眼见法令不行，既不愿犯众怒，又为挽回颜面，只好驰禁龙纹。而在龙爪上做文章，以民间较为少见的五爪龙纹作为皇帝的标志。明清两代依旧沿用元制。五爪龙遂为帝室独享的象征物。

The Five-Toed Dragon

in the Cinese dynasties,every emperor standardized the pattern and color of his dress to show his dignified identity. As the god and symbol of imperial power, the dragon was always used in decorative design for the royalty. Emperor Shi Zu of the Yuan Dynasty once promulgated a decree that common people were forbidden to wear clothes with the dragon pattern. Since the decorative pattern of dragon had been prevalent in the folk for a long-period, this decree made no use. Then the empire. From then on, the five-toed dragon had been the distinguished symbol of the emperors till the end of the Chinese feudal society.

清高宗乾隆年间（公元1736-1795年）铸行。乾隆在位的六十年是清朝国力鼎盛的时期。其即位以来之初尚能励精图治，使康熙以来的盛事局面得以继续发展。但其频年用兵，数度巡游，国立之虚耗。晚年又重要和珅，致使里子大坏。乾隆年间各地广置钱局，铸量很大。加之铸年长久，因而乾隆钱版式极多。

Qian Long Tong Bao

Minted in the first year of the Qian Long reign of Emperor Gao Zhong of the Qing Dynasty .The 60 years of Qian Long reign was the most flourishing period in the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning he aroused his all efforts to make the country prosperous,but later his military policy and hobby of traveling made the whole country weaker and weaker. His misuse of ministers on his late years accelerated the ruin of his reign. During this period there appeared a lot of currency bureaux all over the country and various kinds of coins were minted.

《入德谢罪》的杏黄龙旗

中国第一面现代意义的国旗为清末出现的杏黄龙旗，清同治七年（1868年），清庭派往欧美的第一个外交使团试用了杏黄龙旗。此后，外交使团、机构和驻外使节都以杏黄龙旗为大清国的标志。可笑的是制作这面旗帜的确实一个外国人——时任中国代表团团长的美国人蒲安臣。1900年，当八国联军侵入北京之时，西太后带着光绪帝仓促西逃，光绪帝的弟弟载沣在八国联军刺刀的寒光下，打着一面硕大的《杏黄龙旗》，代表大清皇帝《入德谢罪》，向列强求和。这面随载沣入德的18平方的大旗，现藏于故宫博物院，给我们留下了充满痛楚的回忆，是那段屈辱的历史的真实见证。

The Dragon Fiag

The yellow dragon flag was the first national flag of China appeared at the end of the Qing Dynasty.In the 7th year of the Tong Zhi reign of the Tong Zhi reigon of the Qing Dynasty (1868),the yellow dragon flag was brought out to Europe and America by the first diplomatic mission. Henceforth, this dragon flag became the symbol of the Qing Empire. In 1900,when the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Peking, Zai Feng, the younger brother of Empire Guang Xu, surrendered to the arms with a large yellow dragon dragon flag on behalf of the Qing emperor. Being witness of that humiliating history,this flag of 18m large is now displayed in the Forbidden City.

大清铜币

光绪二十六年（公元1900年）广东开铸中无方孔的《光绪元宝》铜元，开我国机制币铜元之先河。由于机制铜元轮廓精良、图案新颖、而官府也可从中获取大利。于是各地竞相效尤，纷纷设厂造币。此后机制铜元遂渐取代了使用了两千多年的方孔圆钱，成为了流通领域中的主要货币。

Copper Coin of the Qing Empire

In the 26th year of Guang Xu reign of the Qing Dynasty (AD1900),' Guang Xu Yuan Bao ' ,the copper coins without square hole, were cast in Guangdong Province. They were the first machine-made copper coins in Chinese history and were welcomed for their stable quality and fashionable design. Thereafter, machine-made copper coins replaced the square holed, rounded coins that had been circulated for over two thousand years and became the pri