宾格(英语:accusative case/objective case,拉丁语:casus accusativus),是语法上格的一种,表示一个动词的
直接宾语的一个名词,或用做句子中一个前置词的
宾语。
代词的宾格
主格要放在主语位置,宾格要放在宾语位置。主语位置都知道,一般在句首,如:
I am a teacher.
在英语中,宾语有两个位置,一个在动词后跟宾语,注意不是所有的动词都需要跟宾语。另一个在介词后跟宾语,如:
I give him a book.
这里的give是动词,him是give的宾语(宾语的作用是使谓语所表达的意思完整和清楚),因为him的位置是宾语,所以,如果在这个位置上用的是人称代词,就得用宾格,而不能主格的he.
She speaks to me.
这里的to是介词,它后面的me在英语语法中称宾语,因此也要用宾格。
混同
在实际运用中,主格和宾格代词有时会混淆。下面是常见的问题:
1.在复合结构里,
人称代词的主格和宾格在单独使用时,没有问题,如很少人会犯下这样的错误:
*(1)Wilcox spoke to I.
*(2)Her knew what had happened.
但在复合结构中,错误就难免了,如:
*(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.
*(4)He and her knew what had happened.
*(5)This is between you and he.
这种错误是可避免的。
第一,在有介词的复合结构中,特别要注意,第二个人称代词,必须用宾语,如:
for you and me
between Maria and him
第二,试把复合结构中的另一部分暂时用括号围起来,那么该用的格就容易辨别了,如:
(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.
(7)(Marry and) he or him went downtown together.
(8)a. You did as well as she. b. You did as well as her.
(9)a. I am older than he. b. I am older than him.
(10)You did as well as she did.
(11)I am older than he is .
(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I. b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.
(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria). b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.
(12)a和b都被接受,但(12)a等于(13)a,而(12)b等于(13)B: 显然,这两句的深层意思大有差别。遇到这种情形,为了避免误解,不妨根据要表达的意思用完整的句式表达出来。换句话说,必要的话,要用(13)这句子。 不然,把(13)a变成(14), (13)b变成(15)也可:
(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.
(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.
名词的宾格
现代英语中名词是没有宾格可言的,但英语从法语、西班牙语、意大利语中吸收了很多名词和形容词,这些名词和形容词往往就源自拉丁语的宾格。一些后缀就源于宾格:
另外,英语从拉丁语中吸收了一些说法,下面短语中第二个词就是宾格:
参考资料
-ant.Online Etymology Dictionary.
-ent.Online Etymology Dictionary.